"Effraenatam" (1588), by Pope Sixtus V

?Effraenatam?, the brain-child of Pope Sixtus V [7], was released as a papal bull in the year 1588. Papal bulls are formal declarations issued by the pope of the Roman Catholic Church [8] and are named for their authenticating leaden seals (bullas). This particular document became famous for its official forbiddance of all procured abortions. ?Effraenatam,? meaning ?without restraint,? is often regarded as a specific response to increasing rates of prostitution and procured abortions in the Papal States, though this is not discussed in the actual document. Delivered by Pope Sixtus V [7] on Mount Quirinal in Rome on 29 November, the document drops the previous distinction between animated and unanimated fetuses, assigning the punishment of excommunication and the legal sentences for homicide for any intentional abortion [9].